Life cycle of Commodore Matthew C. Perry from NAVY DEPT

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
Commodore Matthew C. Perry

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

• Born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on April 10, 1794.
• Embarked in a naval career as midshipman at the age of fifteen.
• Advanced to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813.

• In 1837, Perry supervised the construction of first naval steamship, Fulton.
• Promoted to the rank of Captain in 1837.
• Promoted to the rank of Commodore in 1842.
• In 1843-1844, Perry commanded the African Squadron, which was engaged in suppressing the slave trade.
• In 1853, Perry was sent on a mission by President Millard Fillmore to establish trade with Japan – a country that had been isolated from the outside world since the 17^th century.
• In July of that same year, Perry leads a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. The Japanese rejected Perry’s demands and Perry withdrew.
• Perry returned to Japan in February, 1854. This time he appears with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers – and one thousand, six hundred men.
• After a standoff, Perry landed for peace and trade talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with the Japanese to establish a trade agreement.
• On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which established "permanent" friendship between the two countries. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese would save shipwrecked Americans and provide fuel for American ships, but also opened the opportunity for trade between Japan and the United States. The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.
• Perry died in New York City, New York on March 4, 1858.

Life cycle of Commodore Matthew C. Perry from NAVY DEPT

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
Commodore Matthew C. Perry

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

• Born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on April 10, 1794.
• Embarked in a naval career as midshipman at the age of fifteen.
• Advanced to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813.

• In 1837, Perry supervised the construction of first naval steamship, Fulton.
• Promoted to the rank of Captain in 1837.
• Promoted to the rank of Commodore in 1842.
• In 1843-1844, Perry commanded the African Squadron, which was engaged in suppressing the slave trade.
• In 1853, Perry was sent on a mission by President Millard Fillmore to establish trade with Japan – a country that had been isolated from the outside world since the 17^th century.
• In July of that same year, Perry leads a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. The Japanese rejected Perry’s demands and Perry withdrew.
• Perry returned to Japan in February, 1854. This time he appears with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers – and one thousand, six hundred men.
• After a standoff, Perry landed for peace and trade talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with the Japanese to establish a trade agreement.
• On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which established "permanent" friendship between the two countries. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese would save shipwrecked Americans and provide fuel for American ships, but also opened the opportunity for trade between Japan and the United States. The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.
• Perry died in New York City, New York on March 4, 1858.

Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,

An exact replica of the Gokoku-ji Bell which Commodore (Cdre.) Perry brought back from Japan as a gift from the Ryukyuan Government. Currently stationed at the entrance of Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD


Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,
Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry helped the traders and WESTERN BANKING,the BOSTON traders gave him the gold medal by minting only one piece.,
The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.
After the arrival of commandar Perry with his three black ships the Western Merchants saw the opportunity of trade and banking in Japan. But the Japanese Government did not open all the ports for Western Powers till March 1863,
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Some of the write up is deleted for correction will be posted after rectified.

Please bear with us.if u want any information you may contact us at yokuhoma9@yahoo.com,

Yours Friend In NUMISMATICS

Chang Matsukata

一些记载被删除为更正将被张贴在矫正以后。

熊与us.if u 请想要你可以与我们联系在的任一信息 yokuhoma9@yahoo.com,

你的朋友在钱币学

Chang ·Matsukata

書き立ての一部は訂正のために調整されるの後で掲示される削除される。

Us.if u のくまはあなたが私達にで連絡するかもしれないどの情報でもほしいと思う yokuhoma9@yahoo.com 、

あなたのNUMISMATICS の友人

Chang Matsukata

Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,

An exact replica of the Gokoku-ji Bell which Commodore (Cdre.) Perry brought back from Japan as a gift from the Ryukyuan Government. Currently stationed at the entrance of Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD


Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,
Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry helped the traders and WESTERN BANKING,the BOSTON traders gave him the gold medal by minting only one piece.,
The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.
After the arrival of commandar Perry with his three black ships the Western Merchants saw the opportunity of trade and banking in Japan. But the Japanese Government did not open all the ports for Western Powers till March 1863,
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Some of the write up is deleted for correction will be posted after rectified.

Please bear with us.if u want any information you may contact us at yokuhoma9@yahoo.com,

Yours Friend In NUMISMATICS

Chang Matsukata

一些记载被删除为更正将被张贴在矫正以后。

熊与us.if u 请想要你可以与我们联系在的任一信息 yokuhoma9@yahoo.com,

你的朋友在钱币学

Chang ·Matsukata

書き立ての一部は訂正のために調整されるの後で掲示される削除される。

Us.if u のくまはあなたが私達にで連絡するかもしれないどの情報でもほしいと思う yokuhoma9@yahoo.com 、

あなたのNUMISMATICS の友人

Chang Matsukata

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal see its value in GOLD NUGGETS

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

Commodore Perry’s Gold Medal

by Samuel Pennington

The* gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal see its value in GOLD NUGGETS

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

Commodore Perry’s Gold Medal

by Samuel Pennington

The* gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

The E-Sylum:  Volume 10, Number 37, September 16, 2007, Article 7

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

A unique and very important medal was sold recently in a Rockland,
Maine estate sale, as reported by Sam Pennington of The Maine
Antique Digest:

"The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants
of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in
negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31,
and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy
original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of
ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine,
on Monday, August 27.

"The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid
for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck
along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

"The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of
$30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer
Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to
remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City
coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

"Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed
the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one
of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least
five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal
to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive
testing using acid."

Antiques and the Arts interviewed the auctioneer about the piece:

"A gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854 for
his efforts in Japan was a glittering draw for collectors at Bruce
Gamage Jr's annual Maine summer auction on August 27. Marking what
the auctioneer characterized as a 'career high' sale, the medal
sold for $165,000 to an anonymous New York City buyer on the phone.

"The medal came from a local summer family, according to Gamage.

"'I knew it was gold and I knew it was good, but I decided to estimate
it on the value of the gold rather than historical considerations,'
said Gamage of the lot's $4/6,000 initial presale estimate. After the
week went by, however, 'I was getting all of these calls [about the
medal], and that's when I began thinking it might bring $30/40,000.'

"The annual estate auction was, as Gamage said by telephone afterwards,
'A fun sale,' grossing close to a half million dollars, which is about
as good as it has been in Gamage's 39-year career."

To read the complete article and view images of the medal, see:
Full Story

[Ads published in Sam Pennington's Maine Antique Digest and website
alerted collectors to the offering.  Sam is working on a longer piece
for the MCA Advisory.  Were any of our readers among those bidding
on the piece?  -Editor]

To view the Maine Antique Digest web ad for the sale, see:
Full Story 

Wayne Homren, Editor

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

The E-Sylum:  Volume 10, Number 37, September 16, 2007, Article 7

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

A unique and very important medal was sold recently in a Rockland,
Maine estate sale, as reported by Sam Pennington of The Maine
Antique Digest:

"The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants
of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in
negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31,
and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy
original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of
ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine,
on Monday, August 27.

"The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid
for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck
along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

"The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of
$30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer
Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to
remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City
coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

"Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed
the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one
of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least
five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal
to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive
testing using acid."

Antiques and the Arts interviewed the auctioneer about the piece:

"A gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854 for
his efforts in Japan was a glittering draw for collectors at Bruce
Gamage Jr's annual Maine summer auction on August 27. Marking what
the auctioneer characterized as a 'career high' sale, the medal
sold for $165,000 to an anonymous New York City buyer on the phone.

"The medal came from a local summer family, according to Gamage.

"'I knew it was gold and I knew it was good, but I decided to estimate
it on the value of the gold rather than historical considerations,'
said Gamage of the lot's $4/6,000 initial presale estimate. After the
week went by, however, 'I was getting all of these calls [about the
medal], and that's when I began thinking it might bring $30/40,000.'

"The annual estate auction was, as Gamage said by telephone afterwards,
'A fun sale,' grossing close to a half million dollars, which is about
as good as it has been in Gamage's 39-year career."

To read the complete article and view images of the medal, see:
Full Story

[Ads published in Sam Pennington's Maine Antique Digest and website
alerted collectors to the offering.  Sam is working on a longer piece
for the MCA Advisory.  Were any of our readers among those bidding
on the piece?  -Editor]

To view the Maine Antique Digest web ad for the sale, see:
Full Story 

Wayne Homren, Editor

Admiral Perry Gold Medal sold for $165,000.00

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

Maine Antique Digest
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Admiral Perry Gold Medal sold for $165,000.00

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

Maine Antique Digest
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Yokohama goldbar,Yokohama 200grams gold piece,

Gold Bars Research Categories of gold bars
As Displayed at the International Gold Bars Collection, Bank of England Museum

The Gold Information Network is pleased to share with you a detailed listing of historic gold bars from around the world. A

gold bar is defined as any gold item, regardless of shape, which is made by a bar manufacturer, records the name of the

manufacturer, the precise weight and the precise purity, and is sold at a low premium above the gold price. The Gold

Information Network recommends the following gold bar for investment purposes.

Credit Suisse Gold Bars 1 oz

Below, we've detailed The International Gold Bars Exhibition highlights of rare and unique gold bars to show you the the

remarkable range and diversity of gold bars. These are extremely rare expensive gold bars from a private collection and not

available for sale at any price.
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) bar
Kilobars
‘Tezabi’ Bars
Tael Bars
Baht Bars
Tola Bars
Chi Bars
Decorative Bars
‘Hologram’ Bars
‘Rainbow’ Bars
‘Yin-Yang’ Bars
‘Koban’ Bars
‘Twin-Coin’ Bar‘
Gold Leaf’ Bars
Fine Gold Cards
‘Bone’ Bar
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
‘Pendant’ Bars
‘Double Pendant’ Bars
‘Bank’ Bars
‘Commemorative’ Bars
‘Heart’ Bars
‘Kinebars™’
‘Bullion Watch’ Bars
‘Fine Art’ Bars
‘Bas-Relief’ Bar
Full-Colour’ Bars
‘Cartoon’ Bars ‘Minted ‘Brick’ Bars
‘Model’ Bars
The world’s largest and
smallest - bars
Historical Rothschild Bars
Oldest Stamp
Oldest Assay Mark
Bullion Coins
Gold Nuggets
Gold-Bearing Ore
‘Dore’ Bars
‘Garimpo’ Dore
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) gold bars
Information provided by the World Gold Council
Source of gold bar information "The Industry Catalogue of Gold Bars Worldwide"
There are only 55 active manufacturers worldwide whose ‘400 oz’ (‘12.5 kg’) bars are accepted internationally as London Good

Delivery.

‘400 oz’ London Good Delivery bars are permitted to weigh between 350 oz and 430 oz. Minimum gold purity: 99.5%. Around

150,000 are made each year. Central banks normally hold gold in the form of these bars and are believed to hold 2.5 million

of them.
Kilobars gold bars
The kilobar (1000 g) is the world’s most widely traded small gold bar. It is popular among investors and fabricators as it is

normally traded at an extremely low premium above the prevailing value of its gold content.

While most kilobars have a flat ‘international’ shape, traditional kilobars in the shape of a ‘brick’ are still preferred by

some investors and fabricators in Europe.

The Exhibition displays the kilobars of 53 manufacturers which are approved by the world’s major gold dealing exchanges in

London, New York, Tokyo and Zurich.
‘Tezabi’ Gold Bars
These rough cast bars are manufactured by thousands of small ‘backyard’ bar manufacturers in Pakistan to a theoretical

‘99.9%’ purity. The bars are not made to any precise weight but depend on the variable amount of gold available, usually old

gold jewellery, to be melted in the crucible.

They resemble the earliest known gold coins made by the Lydian kings of Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. The method used by

Pakistanis in the manufacture of ‘tezabi’ bars is not believed to have changed in over 2,000 years. The Exhibition displays

tezabi bars manufactured by Saleh Mohammed in Pakistan.
Tael Gold Bars
A tael is a Chinese unit of weight. One tael is equivalent to 1.2 oz or 37.4 g. Tael bars, ranging from � tael to 10 taels,

are widely traded in Chinese-speaking countries, mainly Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Cast tael bars are manufactured in 3 shapes: ‘biscuits’, ‘doughnuts’ and ‘boats’ and the Exhibition displays a variety of

tael bars from manufacturers in Hong Kong.

‘Boat’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘boats’, range from � tael to 10 taels. The traditional ‘boat’ shape is known to

have been used for silver and other Chinese coinage as far back as the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD).

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

manufactured in Hong Kong and accredited to the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange (founded in 1910), are traded in large

quantities. Minted tael bars, normally made outside Hong Kong, are also available.

‘Doughnut’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘doughtnuts’, are available in 3 small sizes, �, 1 and 2 taels. The ‘doughnut’

shape is a traditional Chinese shape for coinage. The hole enables many bars to be securely stacked together on wooden rods

or bound together with string.

Baht Gold Bars
The baht is a Thai unit of weight. The most popular bar is the 10 baht cast bar, equivalent to 150.4 g or 4.9 oz. The

traditional gold purity of baht bars is unusual: 96.5%. The Exhibition displays baht bars issued by a variety of

manufacturers.
Tola Gold Bars
The tola is an Indian unit of weight. The most popular weight is the 10 tola cast bar, equivalent to 3.75 oz or 116.64 g.

More than 2 million are manufactured annually. Tola bars, most of which are imported from Europe, are widely traded in the

Middle East, India, Pakistan and Singapore.

10 tola bars are distinctive in two ways. They have smooth rounded edges and are an ideal size for smuggling, if necessary

inside the smuggler’s body. They have no serial numbers. Round minted tola bars are often incorporated into jewellery,

especially in Pakistan where ‘marriage necklaces’ can weigh 500 g or more. The Exhibition displays tola bars issued by a

variety of manufacturers.
Chi Gold Bars
The chi is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g. 10 chi (or 1 cay or 1 luong) weighs 37.5 g. Pamp (Switzerland)

was the first among accredited manufacturers to produce a range of chi denominated minted bars for Vietnam. The Exhibition

displays a variety of chi bars.
Decorative Gold Bars
The application of an attractive decorative design to the reverse side of a standard minted bar has occurred only since

around 1980. The manufacture of decorative minted bars is dominated by accredited manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany and

Brazil and several are exhibited.
‘Hologram’ Gold Bars
Pamp (Switzerland) pioneered the application of multi-coloured hologram designs to minted bars in 1990. These bars, popular

in the Middle East, are now distributed worldwide and a variety of hologram bars are on display.
‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars
Mitsubishi (Japan) is the pioneer manufacturer of multi-coloured ‘rainbow’ bars. The manufacturing process combines different

carat gold colour tones in order to create an infinite variety of attractive patterns. The Exhibition displays experimental

bars, made in 1993, which illustrate ‘rainbow’, ‘woodgrain’, ‘textile’ and ‘polka dot’ patterns. The bar purity is 75% (18

carat).
‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Several unusual ‘Yin-Yang’ bars issued by Ishifuku (Japan) in 1993 are displayed. These two innovative ‘kidney’ shaped bars

depict the Zen religious symbol representing the harmony of opposites.
‘Koban’ Gold Bars
Tokuriki Honten (Japan) has manufactured attractive ‘Koban’ bars since the early 1960s, ranging from 5 g to 50 g. The bars

commemorate the oval shape of traditional Japanese gold coinage issued between the 16th and 19th centuries.
‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars
Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold

into an enclosed mould under pressure. The Exhibition displays an experimental 1 baht bar, described as a ‘twin-coin’ bar,

which was manufactured in 1992.
‘Gold Leaf’ Bars
From the 1930s until the end of the Vietnam war in 1975, unusual ‘gold leaf’ bars were widely manufactured in Vietnam. Their

thinness makes them extremely portable, easily placed inside shoes, sewn into the lining of clothes or rolled into narrow

tubes. Thousands of these bars, smuggled by Vietnamese refugees, were sold to gold dealers, mainly in South East Asia. The

standard bar weighs around 15 g.

The Exhibition displays gold leaf bars which are on loan from the Kenneth Yeung Collection, King Fook Finance Co Ltd, Hong

Kong.
Fine Gold Cards
Fine gold cards, pioneered by Mitsubishi (Japan) in the mid-1980s, enable multi-coloured printed designs to be applied to

their smooth surfaces. Although gold cards up to 1000 g are available, the 1 g card is the most widely sold in Japan and

cards issued by a variety of Japanese manufacturers are on display.
‘Bone’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an innovative 100 g cast bar in an unconventional ‘bone’ shape which was manufactured by Degussa

(Brazil) in 1982.
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
The ‘Gold Fillet’ bars, which are manufactured from thin rolled gold strips, are sometimes produced to display the official

stamps of ‘400 oz’ (12.5 kg) bars where they are not used in the manufacture of smaller bars. The Exhibition displays two

‘gold fillet’ bars produced by Australian Gold Refineries at its Perth and Kalgoorlie refineries. They illustrate the

official stamps and other markings which appear only on its London Good Delivery ‘400 oz’ bars.
‘Pendant’ Gold Bars
Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first among accredited manufacturers to have manufactured in 1978 a minted bar in an

unconventional (hexagonal) shape and incorporating a hole to facilitate its use as a pendant. In 1984, Pamp (Switzerland)

expanded the concept, pioneering the production of minted bars in many unusual shapes, as well as incorporating hangers. The

Exhibition displays pendant bars by a variety of manufacturers.
‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars
In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) launched ‘double-pendant’ bars in the Middle East. They are available in three weights (10 g, 7.5

g and 5 g) with two inner shapes: heart and circular and the Exhibition displays a variety of double pendant bars.
‘Bank’ Gold Bars
Many banks issue minted bars, marked with their own name but manufactured by an external manufacturer. In Europe and Brazil,

minted ‘bank’ bars are widely available and a variety are on display.
‘Commemorative’ Gold Bars
Some accredited manufacturers, most notably Degussa (Germany) and Degussa (Brazil), issue minted bars commemorating important

national or international events. The minting of ‘commemorative’ bars, incorporating the mark of the accredited manufacturer,

is not yet widespread but a selection of commemorative bars are displayed.
‘Heart’ Gold Bars
Innovative ‘heart’ bars, defined as heart-shaped or incorporating a heart design, were first made by Pamp SA in 1994, the

outcome of a World Gold Council initiative in Singapore. The ‘heart’ bars of ARY Traders (UAE), launched in 1997, have

aroused much interest in UAE, Pakistan and India and the Exhibition displays ‘heart’ bars from both manufacturers.
‘Kinebars™’
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), through its subsidiary refinery, Argor-Heraeus SA, has applied a KINEGRAM™ as a security

device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. This new bar is called kinebar? and a range of UBS kinebars?

are shown.

KINEGRAM™ is the trade mark of the security device developed by Landis & Gyr Communications.
‘Bullion Watch’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a remarkable range of ‘bullion watches’ pioneered by Pamp SA (Switzerland) that are designed to be

traded, like bullion bars or coins, according to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Launched internationally in

Hong Kong in 1994, they incorporate circular dials which contain either 1 oz or � oz of 99.99% gold. They are available in

more than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold,

steel or leather.
‘Fine Art’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays two series of innovative gold proof bars with a gold purity of 99.99%, which were minted by the

Singapore Mint in 1994 - ‘Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of

the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.
‘Bas-Relief’ Gold Bar
The Exhibition includes an unusual bar manufactured by Buan Hua Long (Thailand) which still marks its standard 5, 10 and 25

baht bars in bas-relief. The marks, carved into the base of the bar mould, are formed as soon as the molten gold is poured

into the mould. This traditional method of marking cast bars eliminates the need for conventional marking tools: dies,

punches and hammers.
‘Full-Colour’ Gold Bars
One dimensional designs in full colour are now applied to decorative gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) issued a range of

10 g oval pendant bars depicting characters from Indian mythology (eg Krishna, Laxmiji) in full colour and the Exhibition

displays several ‘full colour’ bars.
‘Cartoon’ Gold Bars
Famous Famous cartoon characters are now being depicted on small gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) introduced designs

from Warner Bros (eg Tweety and Bugs Bunny) and, in 1997, from Disney (eg Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck). Samples of all these

bars are shown.
Minted ‘Brick’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a 50 g minted bar, manufactured by SEMPSA (Spain) in the shape of a ‘brick’ which is unique. It is

the only minted bar among accredited bar manufacturers worldwide to have tapered sides, closely resembling the shape of

typical large 400 oz (12.5 kg) London Good Delivery Bars.
‘Model’ Gold Bars
LG Metals Corporation (South Korea) has issued, since 1991, a traditional range of ‘model’ bars (average purity 99.98%) in

the form of pigs (a symbol of wealth), toads (good fortune) and turtles (longevity). Denominated in ‘Dons’, a Korean unit of

weight (1 ‘don’ equals 3.75 g), they are normally traded at a small premium above the gold price. ‘Model’ bars are especially

popular among Koreans as gifts for weddings and anniversaries and the Exhibition displays an example of each.
‘Mirror’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an unusual ‘mirror’ bar, available in 1, 2 and 4 baht weights, which was manufactured by Yoo Long Kim

Kee (Thailand) in 1989.
The world’s largest - and smallest - gold bars The smallest cast bar in

grammes weighs 10 g, first made in Brazil by Degussa (since 1985) as well as subsequently by Ourinvest and CRM. The smallest

cast bar in ounces is the � oz ‘button’ bar made by the Perth Mint (Australia) since 1976.

Tanaka (Japan) has manufactured the world’s smallest minted bars, mainly for the jewellery industry, since 1990. They weigh

only 0.5 g and 0.3 g. 1 g minted bars, first issued by Cr�dit Suisse (Switzerland) in 1980, are manufactured by 12 accredited

manufacturers worldwide, including Degussa and Heraeus.

The Exhibition displays examples of each of these bars as well as the world’s largest standard minted bars: the 20 oz and 500

g which are manufactured by Johnson Matthey (Canada).
Historical Rothschild Gold Bars NM

Rothschild & Sons Limited (United Kingdom) manufactured gold bars in London for more than 100 years until 1967. The

Exhibition displays a 100 g bar which was kindly provided by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK (Japan), and a 50 g bar provided by

Dresdner Bank AG (Germany).
Oldest Stamp on a Gold Bar An

official stamp on a bar identifies the name of the issuing company. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest

official stamp still in use is that of the Homestake Mining Company (USA) which has been using the same stamp since 1878. A

sample is displayed.
Oldest Assay Mark on a Gold Bar The

Exhibition also displays the world’s oldest assay mark. In addition to an official stamp, many bar manufacturers apply an

assay mark to the bar, certifying the weight and purity. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest assay mark

still in use is that of Sch�ne Edelmetaal BV (Netherlands). The same mark, depicting a mercury staff and two snakes, has been

used for more than 200 years.
Bullion Coins

The Exhibition also displays a variety of the world’s leading bullion coins. For many investors bullion coins,

denominated in ounces and issued by national mints, offer the easiest way to hold gold. The Krugerrand (South Africa) was the

first gold coin to be issued with a precise weight in ounces. The 1 oz coin was launched in 1967, the smaller sizes in 1980.
Gold Nuggets

The Exhibition tells the story of gold from its original form as ore or nuggets and displays samples of nuggets from

Australia, the USA and South Africa. The discovery of gold nuggets stimulated four great gold rushes in the 19th century: USA

(1840s), Australia (1850s), South Africa (1880s) and Canada (1890s). These four countries, together with Russia, still

dominate the world’s supply of newly-mined gold. While most nuggets are small, the largest known nugget was the ‘Welcome

Stranger’. Discovered in Australia in 1858, it weighed 2,284 oz (71 kg).
Gold-Bearing Ore

The Exhibition also displays gold-bearing ore from a variety of countries. Almost all newly-mined gold is laboriously

extracted from this gold-bearing ore. Typically, around 5 - 10 tonnes of ore is processed to yield just one ounce of gold.

Much gold is mined at great depths below ground. In South Africa, the world’s largest gold producing country, these depths

can exceed 3 km.
‘Dore’ Gold Bars

Most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore at the site of the mine, producing low purity ‘dore’ bars and the

Exhibition includes samples of these rough bars which are sent to gold refineries for upgrading into tradeable bars of high

purity (99.5% or more). ‘Dore’ bars are normally large, some weighing as much as 25 kg.
‘Garimpo’ Dore

The Exhibition includes samples of ‘Garimpo’ dore bars which are made by ‘garimpeiros’, Brazilian peasants who mine

gold independently or in small groups in the Amazon jungle. Brazil was the world’s major source of newly-mined gold in the

18th century. It still yields around 75 tonnes annually.

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Yokohama goldbar,Yokohama 200grams gold piece,

Gold Bars Research Categories of gold bars
As Displayed at the International Gold Bars Collection, Bank of England Museum

The Gold Information Network is pleased to share with you a detailed listing of historic gold bars from around the world. A

gold bar is defined as any gold item, regardless of shape, which is made by a bar manufacturer, records the name of the

manufacturer, the precise weight and the precise purity, and is sold at a low premium above the gold price. The Gold

Information Network recommends the following gold bar for investment purposes.

Credit Suisse Gold Bars 1 oz

Below, we've detailed The International Gold Bars Exhibition highlights of rare and unique gold bars to show you the the

remarkable range and diversity of gold bars. These are extremely rare expensive gold bars from a private collection and not

available for sale at any price.
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) bar
Kilobars
‘Tezabi’ Bars
Tael Bars
Baht Bars
Tola Bars
Chi Bars
Decorative Bars
‘Hologram’ Bars
‘Rainbow’ Bars
‘Yin-Yang’ Bars
‘Koban’ Bars
‘Twin-Coin’ Bar‘
Gold Leaf’ Bars
Fine Gold Cards
‘Bone’ Bar
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
‘Pendant’ Bars
‘Double Pendant’ Bars
‘Bank’ Bars
‘Commemorative’ Bars
‘Heart’ Bars
‘Kinebars™’
‘Bullion Watch’ Bars
‘Fine Art’ Bars
‘Bas-Relief’ Bar
Full-Colour’ Bars
‘Cartoon’ Bars ‘Minted ‘Brick’ Bars
‘Model’ Bars
The world’s largest and
smallest - bars
Historical Rothschild Bars
Oldest Stamp
Oldest Assay Mark
Bullion Coins
Gold Nuggets
Gold-Bearing Ore
‘Dore’ Bars
‘Garimpo’ Dore
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) gold bars
Information provided by the World Gold Council
Source of gold bar information "The Industry Catalogue of Gold Bars Worldwide"
There are only 55 active manufacturers worldwide whose ‘400 oz’ (‘12.5 kg’) bars are accepted internationally as London Good

Delivery.

‘400 oz’ London Good Delivery bars are permitted to weigh between 350 oz and 430 oz. Minimum gold purity: 99.5%. Around

150,000 are made each year. Central banks normally hold gold in the form of these bars and are believed to hold 2.5 million

of them.
Kilobars gold bars
The kilobar (1000 g) is the world’s most widely traded small gold bar. It is popular among investors and fabricators as it is

normally traded at an extremely low premium above the prevailing value of its gold content.

While most kilobars have a flat ‘international’ shape, traditional kilobars in the shape of a ‘brick’ are still preferred by

some investors and fabricators in Europe.

The Exhibition displays the kilobars of 53 manufacturers which are approved by the world’s major gold dealing exchanges in

London, New York, Tokyo and Zurich.
‘Tezabi’ Gold Bars
These rough cast bars are manufactured by thousands of small ‘backyard’ bar manufacturers in Pakistan to a theoretical

‘99.9%’ purity. The bars are not made to any precise weight but depend on the variable amount of gold available, usually old

gold jewellery, to be melted in the crucible.

They resemble the earliest known gold coins made by the Lydian kings of Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. The method used by

Pakistanis in the manufacture of ‘tezabi’ bars is not believed to have changed in over 2,000 years. The Exhibition displays

tezabi bars manufactured by Saleh Mohammed in Pakistan.
Tael Gold Bars
A tael is a Chinese unit of weight. One tael is equivalent to 1.2 oz or 37.4 g. Tael bars, ranging from � tael to 10 taels,

are widely traded in Chinese-speaking countries, mainly Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Cast tael bars are manufactured in 3 shapes: ‘biscuits’, ‘doughnuts’ and ‘boats’ and the Exhibition displays a variety of

tael bars from manufacturers in Hong Kong.

‘Boat’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘boats’, range from � tael to 10 taels. The traditional ‘boat’ shape is known to

have been used for silver and other Chinese coinage as far back as the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD).

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

manufactured in Hong Kong and accredited to the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange (founded in 1910), are traded in large

quantities. Minted tael bars, normally made outside Hong Kong, are also available.

‘Doughnut’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘doughtnuts’, are available in 3 small sizes, �, 1 and 2 taels. The ‘doughnut’

shape is a traditional Chinese shape for coinage. The hole enables many bars to be securely stacked together on wooden rods

or bound together with string.

Baht Gold Bars
The baht is a Thai unit of weight. The most popular bar is the 10 baht cast bar, equivalent to 150.4 g or 4.9 oz. The

traditional gold purity of baht bars is unusual: 96.5%. The Exhibition displays baht bars issued by a variety of

manufacturers.
Tola Gold Bars
The tola is an Indian unit of weight. The most popular weight is the 10 tola cast bar, equivalent to 3.75 oz or 116.64 g.

More than 2 million are manufactured annually. Tola bars, most of which are imported from Europe, are widely traded in the

Middle East, India, Pakistan and Singapore.

10 tola bars are distinctive in two ways. They have smooth rounded edges and are an ideal size for smuggling, if necessary

inside the smuggler’s body. They have no serial numbers. Round minted tola bars are often incorporated into jewellery,

especially in Pakistan where ‘marriage necklaces’ can weigh 500 g or more. The Exhibition displays tola bars issued by a

variety of manufacturers.
Chi Gold Bars
The chi is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g. 10 chi (or 1 cay or 1 luong) weighs 37.5 g. Pamp (Switzerland)

was the first among accredited manufacturers to produce a range of chi denominated minted bars for Vietnam. The Exhibition

displays a variety of chi bars.
Decorative Gold Bars
The application of an attractive decorative design to the reverse side of a standard minted bar has occurred only since

around 1980. The manufacture of decorative minted bars is dominated by accredited manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany and

Brazil and several are exhibited.
‘Hologram’ Gold Bars
Pamp (Switzerland) pioneered the application of multi-coloured hologram designs to minted bars in 1990. These bars, popular

in the Middle East, are now distributed worldwide and a variety of hologram bars are on display.
‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars
Mitsubishi (Japan) is the pioneer manufacturer of multi-coloured ‘rainbow’ bars. The manufacturing process combines different

carat gold colour tones in order to create an infinite variety of attractive patterns. The Exhibition displays experimental

bars, made in 1993, which illustrate ‘rainbow’, ‘woodgrain’, ‘textile’ and ‘polka dot’ patterns. The bar purity is 75% (18

carat).
‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Several unusual ‘Yin-Yang’ bars issued by Ishifuku (Japan) in 1993 are displayed. These two innovative ‘kidney’ shaped bars

depict the Zen religious symbol representing the harmony of opposites.
‘Koban’ Gold Bars
Tokuriki Honten (Japan) has manufactured attractive ‘Koban’ bars since the early 1960s, ranging from 5 g to 50 g. The bars

commemorate the oval shape of traditional Japanese gold coinage issued between the 16th and 19th centuries.
‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars
Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold

into an enclosed mould under pressure. The Exhibition displays an experimental 1 baht bar, described as a ‘twin-coin’ bar,

which was manufactured in 1992.
‘Gold Leaf’ Bars
From the 1930s until the end of the Vietnam war in 1975, unusual ‘gold leaf’ bars were widely manufactured in Vietnam. Their

thinness makes them extremely portable, easily placed inside shoes, sewn into the lining of clothes or rolled into narrow

tubes. Thousands of these bars, smuggled by Vietnamese refugees, were sold to gold dealers, mainly in South East Asia. The

standard bar weighs around 15 g.

The Exhibition displays gold leaf bars which are on loan from the Kenneth Yeung Collection, King Fook Finance Co Ltd, Hong

Kong.
Fine Gold Cards
Fine gold cards, pioneered by Mitsubishi (Japan) in the mid-1980s, enable multi-coloured printed designs to be applied to

their smooth surfaces. Although gold cards up to 1000 g are available, the 1 g card is the most widely sold in Japan and

cards issued by a variety of Japanese manufacturers are on display.
‘Bone’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an innovative 100 g cast bar in an unconventional ‘bone’ shape which was manufactured by Degussa

(Brazil) in 1982.
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
The ‘Gold Fillet’ bars, which are manufactured from thin rolled gold strips, are sometimes produced to display the official

stamps of ‘400 oz’ (12.5 kg) bars where they are not used in the manufacture of smaller bars. The Exhibition displays two

‘gold fillet’ bars produced by Australian Gold Refineries at its Perth and Kalgoorlie refineries. They illustrate the

official stamps and other markings which appear only on its London Good Delivery ‘400 oz’ bars.
‘Pendant’ Gold Bars
Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first among accredited manufacturers to have manufactured in 1978 a minted bar in an

unconventional (hexagonal) shape and incorporating a hole to facilitate its use as a pendant. In 1984, Pamp (Switzerland)

expanded the concept, pioneering the production of minted bars in many unusual shapes, as well as incorporating hangers. The

Exhibition displays pendant bars by a variety of manufacturers.
‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars
In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) launched ‘double-pendant’ bars in the Middle East. They are available in three weights (10 g, 7.5

g and 5 g) with two inner shapes: heart and circular and the Exhibition displays a variety of double pendant bars.
‘Bank’ Gold Bars
Many banks issue minted bars, marked with their own name but manufactured by an external manufacturer. In Europe and Brazil,

minted ‘bank’ bars are widely available and a variety are on display.
‘Commemorative’ Gold Bars
Some accredited manufacturers, most notably Degussa (Germany) and Degussa (Brazil), issue minted bars commemorating important

national or international events. The minting of ‘commemorative’ bars, incorporating the mark of the accredited manufacturer,

is not yet widespread but a selection of commemorative bars are displayed.
‘Heart’ Gold Bars
Innovative ‘heart’ bars, defined as heart-shaped or incorporating a heart design, were first made by Pamp SA in 1994, the

outcome of a World Gold Council initiative in Singapore. The ‘heart’ bars of ARY Traders (UAE), launched in 1997, have

aroused much interest in UAE, Pakistan and India and the Exhibition displays ‘heart’ bars from both manufacturers.
‘Kinebars™’
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), through its subsidiary refinery, Argor-Heraeus SA, has applied a KINEGRAM™ as a security

device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. This new bar is called kinebar? and a range of UBS kinebars?

are shown.

KINEGRAM™ is the trade mark of the security device developed by Landis & Gyr Communications.
‘Bullion Watch’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a remarkable range of ‘bullion watches’ pioneered by Pamp SA (Switzerland) that are designed to be

traded, like bullion bars or coins, according to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Launched internationally in

Hong Kong in 1994, they incorporate circular dials which contain either 1 oz or � oz of 99.99% gold. They are available in

more than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold,

steel or leather.
‘Fine Art’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays two series of innovative gold proof bars with a gold purity of 99.99%, which were minted by the

Singapore Mint in 1994 - ‘Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of

the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.
‘Bas-Relief’ Gold Bar
The Exhibition includes an unusual bar manufactured by Buan Hua Long (Thailand) which still marks its standard 5, 10 and 25

baht bars in bas-relief. The marks, carved into the base of the bar mould, are formed as soon as the molten gold is poured

into the mould. This traditional method of marking cast bars eliminates the need for conventional marking tools: dies,

punches and hammers.
‘Full-Colour’ Gold Bars
One dimensional designs in full colour are now applied to decorative gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) issued a range of

10 g oval pendant bars depicting characters from Indian mythology (eg Krishna, Laxmiji) in full colour and the Exhibition

displays several ‘full colour’ bars.
‘Cartoon’ Gold Bars
Famous Famous cartoon characters are now being depicted on small gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) introduced designs

from Warner Bros (eg Tweety and Bugs Bunny) and, in 1997, from Disney (eg Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck). Samples of all these

bars are shown.
Minted ‘Brick’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a 50 g minted bar, manufactured by SEMPSA (Spain) in the shape of a ‘brick’ which is unique. It is

the only minted bar among accredited bar manufacturers worldwide to have tapered sides, closely resembling the shape of

typical large 400 oz (12.5 kg) London Good Delivery Bars.
‘Model’ Gold Bars
LG Metals Corporation (South Korea) has issued, since 1991, a traditional range of ‘model’ bars (average purity 99.98%) in

the form of pigs (a symbol of wealth), toads (good fortune) and turtles (longevity). Denominated in ‘Dons’, a Korean unit of

weight (1 ‘don’ equals 3.75 g), they are normally traded at a small premium above the gold price. ‘Model’ bars are especially

popular among Koreans as gifts for weddings and anniversaries and the Exhibition displays an example of each.
‘Mirror’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an unusual ‘mirror’ bar, available in 1, 2 and 4 baht weights, which was manufactured by Yoo Long Kim

Kee (Thailand) in 1989.
The world’s largest - and smallest - gold bars The smallest cast bar in

grammes weighs 10 g, first made in Brazil by Degussa (since 1985) as well as subsequently by Ourinvest and CRM. The smallest

cast bar in ounces is the � oz ‘button’ bar made by the Perth Mint (Australia) since 1976.

Tanaka (Japan) has manufactured the world’s smallest minted bars, mainly for the jewellery industry, since 1990. They weigh

only 0.5 g and 0.3 g. 1 g minted bars, first issued by Cr�dit Suisse (Switzerland) in 1980, are manufactured by 12 accredited

manufacturers worldwide, including Degussa and Heraeus.

The Exhibition displays examples of each of these bars as well as the world’s largest standard minted bars: the 20 oz and 500

g which are manufactured by Johnson Matthey (Canada).
Historical Rothschild Gold Bars NM

Rothschild & Sons Limited (United Kingdom) manufactured gold bars in London for more than 100 years until 1967. The

Exhibition displays a 100 g bar which was kindly provided by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK (Japan), and a 50 g bar provided by

Dresdner Bank AG (Germany).
Oldest Stamp on a Gold Bar An

official stamp on a bar identifies the name of the issuing company. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest

official stamp still in use is that of the Homestake Mining Company (USA) which has been using the same stamp since 1878. A

sample is displayed.
Oldest Assay Mark on a Gold Bar The

Exhibition also displays the world’s oldest assay mark. In addition to an official stamp, many bar manufacturers apply an

assay mark to the bar, certifying the weight and purity. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest assay mark

still in use is that of Sch�ne Edelmetaal BV (Netherlands). The same mark, depicting a mercury staff and two snakes, has been

used for more than 200 years.
Bullion Coins

The Exhibition also displays a variety of the world’s leading bullion coins. For many investors bullion coins,

denominated in ounces and issued by national mints, offer the easiest way to hold gold. The Krugerrand (South Africa) was the

first gold coin to be issued with a precise weight in ounces. The 1 oz coin was launched in 1967, the smaller sizes in 1980.
Gold Nuggets

The Exhibition tells the story of gold from its original form as ore or nuggets and displays samples of nuggets from

Australia, the USA and South Africa. The discovery of gold nuggets stimulated four great gold rushes in the 19th century: USA

(1840s), Australia (1850s), South Africa (1880s) and Canada (1890s). These four countries, together with Russia, still

dominate the world’s supply of newly-mined gold. While most nuggets are small, the largest known nugget was the ‘Welcome

Stranger’. Discovered in Australia in 1858, it weighed 2,284 oz (71 kg).
Gold-Bearing Ore

The Exhibition also displays gold-bearing ore from a variety of countries. Almost all newly-mined gold is laboriously

extracted from this gold-bearing ore. Typically, around 5 - 10 tonnes of ore is processed to yield just one ounce of gold.

Much gold is mined at great depths below ground. In South Africa, the world’s largest gold producing country, these depths

can exceed 3 km.
‘Dore’ Gold Bars

Most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore at the site of the mine, producing low purity ‘dore’ bars and the

Exhibition includes samples of these rough bars which are sent to gold refineries for upgrading into tradeable bars of high

purity (99.5% or more). ‘Dore’ bars are normally large, some weighing as much as 25 kg.
‘Garimpo’ Dore

The Exhibition includes samples of ‘Garimpo’ dore bars which are made by ‘garimpeiros’, Brazilian peasants who mine

gold independently or in small groups in the Amazon jungle. Brazil was the world’s major source of newly-mined gold in the

18th century. It still yields around 75 tonnes annually.

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Yokohama goldbar,Yokohama 200grams gold piece,

Gold Bars Research Categories of gold bars
As Displayed at the International Gold Bars Collection, Bank of England Museum

The Gold Information Network is pleased to share with you a detailed listing of historic gold bars from around the world. A

gold bar is defined as any gold item, regardless of shape, which is made by a bar manufacturer, records the name of the

manufacturer, the precise weight and the precise purity, and is sold at a low premium above the gold price. The Gold

Information Network recommends the following gold bar for investment purposes.

Credit Suisse Gold Bars 1 oz

Below, we've detailed The International Gold Bars Exhibition highlights of rare and unique gold bars to show you the the

remarkable range and diversity of gold bars. These are extremely rare expensive gold bars from a private collection and not

available for sale at any price.
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) bar
Kilobars
‘Tezabi’ Bars
Tael Bars
Baht Bars
Tola Bars
Chi Bars
Decorative Bars
‘Hologram’ Bars
‘Rainbow’ Bars
‘Yin-Yang’ Bars
‘Koban’ Bars
‘Twin-Coin’ Bar‘
Gold Leaf’ Bars
Fine Gold Cards
‘Bone’ Bar
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
‘Pendant’ Bars
‘Double Pendant’ Bars
‘Bank’ Bars
‘Commemorative’ Bars
‘Heart’ Bars
‘Kinebars™’
‘Bullion Watch’ Bars
‘Fine Art’ Bars
‘Bas-Relief’ Bar
Full-Colour’ Bars
‘Cartoon’ Bars ‘Minted ‘Brick’ Bars
‘Model’ Bars
The world’s largest and
smallest - bars
Historical Rothschild Bars
Oldest Stamp
Oldest Assay Mark
Bullion Coins
Gold Nuggets
Gold-Bearing Ore
‘Dore’ Bars
‘Garimpo’ Dore
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) gold bars
Information provided by the World Gold Council
Source of gold bar information "The Industry Catalogue of Gold Bars Worldwide"
There are only 55 active manufacturers worldwide whose ‘400 oz’ (‘12.5 kg’) bars are accepted internationally as London Good

Delivery.

‘400 oz’ London Good Delivery bars are permitted to weigh between 350 oz and 430 oz. Minimum gold purity: 99.5%. Around

150,000 are made each year. Central banks normally hold gold in the form of these bars and are believed to hold 2.5 million

of them.
Kilobars gold bars
The kilobar (1000 g) is the world’s most widely traded small gold bar. It is popular among investors and fabricators as it is

normally traded at an extremely low premium above the prevailing value of its gold content.

While most kilobars have a flat ‘international’ shape, traditional kilobars in the shape of a ‘brick’ are still preferred by

some investors and fabricators in Europe.

The Exhibition displays the kilobars of 53 manufacturers which are approved by the world’s major gold dealing exchanges in

London, New York, Tokyo and Zurich.
‘Tezabi’ Gold Bars
These rough cast bars are manufactured by thousands of small ‘backyard’ bar manufacturers in Pakistan to a theoretical

‘99.9%’ purity. The bars are not made to any precise weight but depend on the variable amount of gold available, usually old

gold jewellery, to be melted in the crucible.

They resemble the earliest known gold coins made by the Lydian kings of Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. The method used by

Pakistanis in the manufacture of ‘tezabi’ bars is not believed to have changed in over 2,000 years. The Exhibition displays

tezabi bars manufactured by Saleh Mohammed in Pakistan.
Tael Gold Bars
A tael is a Chinese unit of weight. One tael is equivalent to 1.2 oz or 37.4 g. Tael bars, ranging from � tael to 10 taels,

are widely traded in Chinese-speaking countries, mainly Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Cast tael bars are manufactured in 3 shapes: ‘biscuits’, ‘doughnuts’ and ‘boats’ and the Exhibition displays a variety of

tael bars from manufacturers in Hong Kong.

‘Boat’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘boats’, range from � tael to 10 taels. The traditional ‘boat’ shape is known to

have been used for silver and other Chinese coinage as far back as the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD).

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

manufactured in Hong Kong and accredited to the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange (founded in 1910), are traded in large

quantities. Minted tael bars, normally made outside Hong Kong, are also available.

‘Doughnut’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘doughtnuts’, are available in 3 small sizes, �, 1 and 2 taels. The ‘doughnut’

shape is a traditional Chinese shape for coinage. The hole enables many bars to be securely stacked together on wooden rods

or bound together with string.

Baht Gold Bars
The baht is a Thai unit of weight. The most popular bar is the 10 baht cast bar, equivalent to 150.4 g or 4.9 oz. The

traditional gold purity of baht bars is unusual: 96.5%. The Exhibition displays baht bars issued by a variety of

manufacturers.
Tola Gold Bars
The tola is an Indian unit of weight. The most popular weight is the 10 tola cast bar, equivalent to 3.75 oz or 116.64 g.

More than 2 million are manufactured annually. Tola bars, most of which are imported from Europe, are widely traded in the

Middle East, India, Pakistan and Singapore.

10 tola bars are distinctive in two ways. They have smooth rounded edges and are an ideal size for smuggling, if necessary

inside the smuggler’s body. They have no serial numbers. Round minted tola bars are often incorporated into jewellery,

especially in Pakistan where ‘marriage necklaces’ can weigh 500 g or more. The Exhibition displays tola bars issued by a

variety of manufacturers.
Chi Gold Bars
The chi is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g. 10 chi (or 1 cay or 1 luong) weighs 37.5 g. Pamp (Switzerland)

was the first among accredited manufacturers to produce a range of chi denominated minted bars for Vietnam. The Exhibition

displays a variety of chi bars.
Decorative Gold Bars
The application of an attractive decorative design to the reverse side of a standard minted bar has occurred only since

around 1980. The manufacture of decorative minted bars is dominated by accredited manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany and

Brazil and several are exhibited.
‘Hologram’ Gold Bars
Pamp (Switzerland) pioneered the application of multi-coloured hologram designs to minted bars in 1990. These bars, popular

in the Middle East, are now distributed worldwide and a variety of hologram bars are on display.
‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars
Mitsubishi (Japan) is the pioneer manufacturer of multi-coloured ‘rainbow’ bars. The manufacturing process combines different

carat gold colour tones in order to create an infinite variety of attractive patterns. The Exhibition displays experimental

bars, made in 1993, which illustrate ‘rainbow’, ‘woodgrain’, ‘textile’ and ‘polka dot’ patterns. The bar purity is 75% (18

carat).
‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Several unusual ‘Yin-Yang’ bars issued by Ishifuku (Japan) in 1993 are displayed. These two innovative ‘kidney’ shaped bars

depict the Zen religious symbol representing the harmony of opposites.
‘Koban’ Gold Bars
Tokuriki Honten (Japan) has manufactured attractive ‘Koban’ bars since the early 1960s, ranging from 5 g to 50 g. The bars

commemorate the oval shape of traditional Japanese gold coinage issued between the 16th and 19th centuries.
‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars
Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold

into an enclosed mould under pressure. The Exhibition displays an experimental 1 baht bar, described as a ‘twin-coin’ bar,

which was manufactured in 1992.
‘Gold Leaf’ Bars
From the 1930s until the end of the Vietnam war in 1975, unusual ‘gold leaf’ bars were widely manufactured in Vietnam. Their

thinness makes them extremely portable, easily placed inside shoes, sewn into the lining of clothes or rolled into narrow

tubes. Thousands of these bars, smuggled by Vietnamese refugees, were sold to gold dealers, mainly in South East Asia. The

standard bar weighs around 15 g.

The Exhibition displays gold leaf bars which are on loan from the Kenneth Yeung Collection, King Fook Finance Co Ltd, Hong

Kong.
Fine Gold Cards
Fine gold cards, pioneered by Mitsubishi (Japan) in the mid-1980s, enable multi-coloured printed designs to be applied to

their smooth surfaces. Although gold cards up to 1000 g are available, the 1 g card is the most widely sold in Japan and

cards issued by a variety of Japanese manufacturers are on display.
‘Bone’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an innovative 100 g cast bar in an unconventional ‘bone’ shape which was manufactured by Degussa

(Brazil) in 1982.
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
The ‘Gold Fillet’ bars, which are manufactured from thin rolled gold strips, are sometimes produced to display the official

stamps of ‘400 oz’ (12.5 kg) bars where they are not used in the manufacture of smaller bars. The Exhibition displays two

‘gold fillet’ bars produced by Australian Gold Refineries at its Perth and Kalgoorlie refineries. They illustrate the

official stamps and other markings which appear only on its London Good Delivery ‘400 oz’ bars.
‘Pendant’ Gold Bars
Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first among accredited manufacturers to have manufactured in 1978 a minted bar in an

unconventional (hexagonal) shape and incorporating a hole to facilitate its use as a pendant. In 1984, Pamp (Switzerland)

expanded the concept, pioneering the production of minted bars in many unusual shapes, as well as incorporating hangers. The

Exhibition displays pendant bars by a variety of manufacturers.
‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars
In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) launched ‘double-pendant’ bars in the Middle East. They are available in three weights (10 g, 7.5

g and 5 g) with two inner shapes: heart and circular and the Exhibition displays a variety of double pendant bars.
‘Bank’ Gold Bars
Many banks issue minted bars, marked with their own name but manufactured by an external manufacturer. In Europe and Brazil,

minted ‘bank’ bars are widely available and a variety are on display.
‘Commemorative’ Gold Bars
Some accredited manufacturers, most notably Degussa (Germany) and Degussa (Brazil), issue minted bars commemorating important

national or international events. The minting of ‘commemorative’ bars, incorporating the mark of the accredited manufacturer,

is not yet widespread but a selection of commemorative bars are displayed.
‘Heart’ Gold Bars
Innovative ‘heart’ bars, defined as heart-shaped or incorporating a heart design, were first made by Pamp SA in 1994, the

outcome of a World Gold Council initiative in Singapore. The ‘heart’ bars of ARY Traders (UAE), launched in 1997, have

aroused much interest in UAE, Pakistan and India and the Exhibition displays ‘heart’ bars from both manufacturers.
‘Kinebars™’
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), through its subsidiary refinery, Argor-Heraeus SA, has applied a KINEGRAM™ as a security

device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. This new bar is called kinebar? and a range of UBS kinebars?

are shown.

KINEGRAM™ is the trade mark of the security device developed by Landis & Gyr Communications.
‘Bullion Watch’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a remarkable range of ‘bullion watches’ pioneered by Pamp SA (Switzerland) that are designed to be

traded, like bullion bars or coins, according to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Launched internationally in

Hong Kong in 1994, they incorporate circular dials which contain either 1 oz or � oz of 99.99% gold. They are available in

more than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold,

steel or leather.
‘Fine Art’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays two series of innovative gold proof bars with a gold purity of 99.99%, which were minted by the

Singapore Mint in 1994 - ‘Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of

the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.
‘Bas-Relief’ Gold Bar
The Exhibition includes an unusual bar manufactured by Buan Hua Long (Thailand) which still marks its standard 5, 10 and 25

baht bars in bas-relief. The marks, carved into the base of the bar mould, are formed as soon as the molten gold is poured

into the mould. This traditional method of marking cast bars eliminates the need for conventional marking tools: dies,

punches and hammers.
‘Full-Colour’ Gold Bars
One dimensional designs in full colour are now applied to decorative gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) issued a range of

10 g oval pendant bars depicting characters from Indian mythology (eg Krishna, Laxmiji) in full colour and the Exhibition

displays several ‘full colour’ bars.
‘Cartoon’ Gold Bars
Famous Famous cartoon characters are now being depicted on small gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) introduced designs

from Warner Bros (eg Tweety and Bugs Bunny) and, in 1997, from Disney (eg Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck). Samples of all these

bars are shown.
Minted ‘Brick’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a 50 g minted bar, manufactured by SEMPSA (Spain) in the shape of a ‘brick’ which is unique. It is

the only minted bar among accredited bar manufacturers worldwide to have tapered sides, closely resembling the shape of

typical large 400 oz (12.5 kg) London Good Delivery Bars.
‘Model’ Gold Bars
LG Metals Corporation (South Korea) has issued, since 1991, a traditional range of ‘model’ bars (average purity 99.98%) in

the form of pigs (a symbol of wealth), toads (good fortune) and turtles (longevity). Denominated in ‘Dons’, a Korean unit of

weight (1 ‘don’ equals 3.75 g), they are normally traded at a small premium above the gold price. ‘Model’ bars are especially

popular among Koreans as gifts for weddings and anniversaries and the Exhibition displays an example of each.
‘Mirror’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an unusual ‘mirror’ bar, available in 1, 2 and 4 baht weights, which was manufactured by Yoo Long Kim

Kee (Thailand) in 1989.
The world’s largest - and smallest - gold bars The smallest cast bar in

grammes weighs 10 g, first made in Brazil by Degussa (since 1985) as well as subsequently by Ourinvest and CRM. The smallest

cast bar in ounces is the � oz ‘button’ bar made by the Perth Mint (Australia) since 1976.

Tanaka (Japan) has manufactured the world’s smallest minted bars, mainly for the jewellery industry, since 1990. They weigh

only 0.5 g and 0.3 g. 1 g minted bars, first issued by Cr�dit Suisse (Switzerland) in 1980, are manufactured by 12 accredited

manufacturers worldwide, including Degussa and Heraeus.

The Exhibition displays examples of each of these bars as well as the world’s largest standard minted bars: the 20 oz and 500

g which are manufactured by Johnson Matthey (Canada).
Historical Rothschild Gold Bars NM

Rothschild & Sons Limited (United Kingdom) manufactured gold bars in London for more than 100 years until 1967. The

Exhibition displays a 100 g bar which was kindly provided by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK (Japan), and a 50 g bar provided by

Dresdner Bank AG (Germany).
Oldest Stamp on a Gold Bar An

official stamp on a bar identifies the name of the issuing company. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest

official stamp still in use is that of the Homestake Mining Company (USA) which has been using the same stamp since 1878. A

sample is displayed.
Oldest Assay Mark on a Gold Bar The

Exhibition also displays the world’s oldest assay mark. In addition to an official stamp, many bar manufacturers apply an

assay mark to the bar, certifying the weight and purity. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest assay mark

still in use is that of Sch�ne Edelmetaal BV (Netherlands). The same mark, depicting a mercury staff and two snakes, has been

used for more than 200 years.
Bullion Coins

The Exhibition also displays a variety of the world’s leading bullion coins. For many investors bullion coins,

denominated in ounces and issued by national mints, offer the easiest way to hold gold. The Krugerrand (South Africa) was the

first gold coin to be issued with a precise weight in ounces. The 1 oz coin was launched in 1967, the smaller sizes in 1980.
Gold Nuggets

The Exhibition tells the story of gold from its original form as ore or nuggets and displays samples of nuggets from

Australia, the USA and South Africa. The discovery of gold nuggets stimulated four great gold rushes in the 19th century: USA

(1840s), Australia (1850s), South Africa (1880s) and Canada (1890s). These four countries, together with Russia, still

dominate the world’s supply of newly-mined gold. While most nuggets are small, the largest known nugget was the ‘Welcome

Stranger’. Discovered in Australia in 1858, it weighed 2,284 oz (71 kg).
Gold-Bearing Ore

The Exhibition also displays gold-bearing ore from a variety of countries. Almost all newly-mined gold is laboriously

extracted from this gold-bearing ore. Typically, around 5 - 10 tonnes of ore is processed to yield just one ounce of gold.

Much gold is mined at great depths below ground. In South Africa, the world’s largest gold producing country, these depths

can exceed 3 km.
‘Dore’ Gold Bars

Most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore at the site of the mine, producing low purity ‘dore’ bars and the

Exhibition includes samples of these rough bars which are sent to gold refineries for upgrading into tradeable bars of high

purity (99.5% or more). ‘Dore’ bars are normally large, some weighing as much as 25 kg.
‘Garimpo’ Dore

The Exhibition includes samples of ‘Garimpo’ dore bars which are made by ‘garimpeiros’, Brazilian peasants who mine

gold independently or in small groups in the Amazon jungle. Brazil was the world’s major source of newly-mined gold in the

18th century. It still yields around 75 tonnes annually.

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